Dramaticallyincreased Islamophobia in American Media coverage since Trump’s Presidency: Muslimsin America are more vulnerable to bigotry and Islamophobia as a result of DonaldTrump’s behaviour and actionsAbstractThis research paper implies the role of International media in the propagation and multiplication of hatred and hostility vibe against Muslims in the American society since the U.S. presidential election campaign. The objective of this research paper is to focus on the reasons, role of media and Trump’s influence behind the increasing hostility and aggression against Muslims in US, and how it is utilized to legitimize the segregation towards them. Muslims have been more vulnerable to violence, threats and hatred since start of American presidential campaign especially after Trump’s hateful speeches. During the first GOP debate in August 2015, Islamophobia made an appearance just a month later in September 2017, the first incident of Muslims hatred of anti-Muslim occurred. Since 9/11 fear based oppressor exercises by white radical or Christians is a common hone, even after they have slaughtered numbers comparable to those hurt by Muslims. Yet we do not hear any segregation towards Christianity or Christians by and large indeed in most cases they are displayed as solitary or lone wolf, mental case or medicate fiend but never as a terrorist, American news outlets are also more concerned about non-Muslim victims rather than Muslim victims of terror. Trump has a track record of advocating and encouraging Islamophobia during elections campaign and even after winning the elections. After just a year following the California and France terror attacks he called for a ban of Muslims entering US as it is obvious from his actions and words that he can’t distinguish between extremist’s groups of various radical elements and the rest of the world’s nearly 2 billion Muslims who played no role in these incidents who are merely a victim in all this. Meanwhile, he has been shockingly silent on the attacks on Muslims, showed no concern for Muslims victims whatsoever, which depicts a double standard regarding his concern over the issue of terrorism. 30 articles have been reviewed for this purpose, the analysis of these research papers recommended that threatening vibe towards Muslims is seen as usual and regular practice in the west not only by common public but also the current President of United States of America. By analysing all the articles, it will be sufficing to say that Trump’s entire political career was based on the hatred towards Muslims and Islamophobia. Keywords: Muslims,Terror incidents, American Media coverage, Lone wolf, Islamophobia, Islam, 9/11,Election Campaign, President Trump, American President, Trump’s AdministrationIntroductionForeveryone in America and all over the world it was shocking when Donald Trumpsuggested a ban on Muslims entering the US, but this behavior towards Muslimshas remained a common practice throughout American history. In 2016 Donald Trump’sclaim that “Islam hates us”. What is alarming about this is that it comes froman orientalist misconception which have never been changed over the last 200years. Reality is that Islam doesn’t hate America or the West. There are certainlyMuslims radical organizations who despise the United States, but they do nothate US because of their religion (Saladin, 2016).Acritical point in the portrayal of negative media depiction of Muslims happenedin the post- 9/11 period, Muslims were freely related with terror. There areseveral TV pictures, serials, talk shows, cartoons, and news coverage, whereMuslims are depicted as uncivilized, anti-modern, anti-democratic, andpsychological militants, fundamentalists, radicals, aggressors, primitive, andanti-western. Violent happenings or terror incidents are immediately and mostlylinked with Islamic nations by the western media. The western world own majornews networks, and TV stations, many of them are headquartered in other nationsaround the world. Larger part of them is either run by the Jews or is beneathcapable campaign of Jews and Christians who significantly restrict any positiveaccomplishment on portion of the Muslims (Nurullah, 2010).DonaldTrump, the GOP presidential front-runner during his elections campaign promotedanti-Muslim stance in the wake of Paris attacks, November 2015 rather thancalling for peace, harmony and international unity. Donald Trump’s anti-Muslimstatements during his elections campaign and television interviews andappearances on international and national networks impacts millions of viewersacross US and the globe (Abdelkader, 2016).Themedia is connected to religion in the way that it depicts the expression ofreligion to its given disciples as well as to the individuals out there. It tooupgrades the understandings of a specific religion through important insigniaof it. Media is basically a platform which spread the message and setsstandards. In this way, the media plays two roles in the depiction of religion:to emphatically depict it or delineate it contrarily to the masses.Subsequently, it depends on the editors who select the material to be broadcastedin the media. The beliefs and worldviews of those guardians unequivocallyinfluence the choice of news and occasions. Acts of terrorism committed bypeople of other faiths are not connected to their devout character. Acc. to themedia portrayal, fear mongering in advanced times has ended up the sole tradeof Muslims. This wholesome attribution of Muslims as fear mongers has comeabout in Islamophobia, racial scorn, slaughter, and viciousness (Nacos &Reyna, 2003).Thispaper analysis the reasons behind the sharp rise in wrongdoings against Islamand Muslims or those seen to be Muslim in America. The article, in any case,will propose that there are critical changes taking put in U.S. culture whichwill enlighten the reasons why the surge in wrongdoings coordinated at Muslimsin America was harsh, but brief (Kaplan, 2006). Further this paper exploresPresident Trump’s anti-Muslim views and actions, linking them to the increasein hate toward Muslims during his tenure. His anti-Muslims actions basically servedthe political purpose maintaining his political support base of white Americanclass and, creating a divide among west and Muslims (Nuruzzaman, 2017).TheWashington Post’s reporting of the November 13, 2015, Paris attack distinguishedfrom the paper’s coverage of the first Ankara assault. In terms of sheerunmistakable quality, coverage of the Paris assault overshadowed coverage ofthe Ankara assault. The feature conjured the word terror, while the rest of thearticle described—in distinctive detail—specific scenes of savagery (el-Nawawy,& Elmasry, 2017).Thecommonality of orthodox representations correlating Muslims with terror instandard media uncovers broad conviction among the makers of media messagesthat the affiliation, or association, is typical, sensible, and/orsatisfactory, which is at that point suggested to, and learned by, youth, insteadbelieving that, the affiliation is unfair and stereotypical and hurts Muslims,making them defenceless to preference and segregation in the public sphere (Jackson,2010).Currentlyin US, Muslims are regularly depicted as pariahs in settings of nationalsharing, despite the fact that they are American-born citizens. Islamophobic conversationsare based on the view that Islam don’t belong in the West and that Muslim refugeescannot be truly identified with the states in which they live (Shryock, 2013).Theother common narrative is that white Christian extremists who commit terroristattacks are not terrorists. There are exceptions. The Oklahoma bombing by awhite Christian is generally considered to be an act of terrorism, although theattack was initially blamed on Islamic terrorist groups. For the most part,though, “terrorist” was not a word applied to the white Christian responsiblefor the Quebec City attack. Nor is he alone in avoiding classification as aterrorist (Corbin, 2017).Literature ReviewPresidentTrump’s “America First” narrative is basically the continuation of the Bush’s anti-Muslimstance. It is President Trump’s anti-Muslim rhetoric and actions that have madehim look Islamophobic, but he is not only American leader with terribleanti-Muslim mind-sets. His anti-Muslim rhetoric serves his political purposebut at a high cost to the Muslims. Neither did he hide his anti-Muslimsentiments that has created a weird situation in the relationships between theMuslims and Trump’s America (Nuruzzaman).Evenif media do not impart public to relate Muslims with terror, they will, in anycase, learn that it is typical to do so, that it is recognized in the standardmedia as sensible or worthy, rather than as damaging to Muslims, who confrontsegregation, bias, and hatefulness when the breadth of their substances is notconsidered newsworthy or engaging, lacking an education that basically reactsto the transcendent generalization. Topical, expository, and basic lessons inmedia proficiency must complement the formal educational programs approximatelyIslam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what iseventually depicted as typical to think regarding Muslims in the mass media.What specific assets are utilized is not as critical as what is communicatedthrough their consideration: that standard messages are inadequate or biased,and that informed members of an equitable society must hook with numerousviewpoints when it comes to troublesome, disputable subjects to act independentlyand in an educated way inside society (Jackson).Evenwith the strong opposition even from political parties and public opinion and withthe disrespect for the American Constitution, why is it so that Trump still hadso much support? It’s because he influences that fear that still prevails inpeople minds after 9/11 which is sufficient enough to believe that Muslimshates America and wants to harm them (Mutum, 2016). Soonafter Trump’s Presidency, he begins carrying out the campaign he promises, thefirst travel bans a prerequisite. “The Muslim ban is something that in some formhas morphed into extreme vetting from certain areas of the world.” (Patel, &Levinson-Waldman 2017). Conservativeleader who openly share their hate for Muslims have escalates negative approaches.For the propagation of Islamophobia, the tremendous majority shares the mediais partly guilty. The generalizations that are propagated in the media may nothave pernicious expectation, but they are belittling to Muslims and may lead toincognito and unmistakable separation on interpersonal levels (Al-Hamdani,2016).The2016 U.S. presidential caused another wave of Islamophobia, threateningAmerican Muslims freedom. In 2015, there were almost 174 incidents ofanti-Muslim violence and Muslims suffered due to such attacks as they were morelikely to be the victim of the crimes and assaults as compare to non-Muslims (Abdelkader,2016).Roleof a Muslim women in society is often projected through media which has becomethe main source of learning these days. Despite of social practice mostlyMuslims women are viewed as subjugated, backward, oppressed and inclined towardterror (Watt, 2012).DonaldTrump’s speeches indicated the rise in hatred towards Muslims in USA.  Donald said that Muslims only care for Jihadindicating ISIS, and Muslims hates US.  Acc.To Trump, “why does President Obama defend Muslims in America? Oh, I can seethat he is one of them, he is a Muslim, right?” From this it is obvious that Trumpreally hates Muslim and President Obama. By all this he was trying to constructthe bad image of Muslim to gain supports form the American society. He buildshis own image of a leader for all the Non-Muslims and supporters of AntiMuslims sentiments which especially effected the family of terrorism victims. (Puspitasari,2016)Theaffiliation of Islam with terror has come to be acknowledged as fragment of thediscourse on security and terrorism; it will be sufficing to say that “Muslim”and “terrorist” have ended up nearly synonymous (Eid, & Karim, 2011). The narrative“our Lone wolf/ Your terrorists” by Phillips and many others, depicts therelation between civilizing Christians and regressing Islam.  (Humphrys, 2012).IfTrump didn’t create the terror narrative such a racial stereotype, whiteinnocence and white supremacy his administration did exploit these theme. Thesetwo propagandas complement each other and their consequence effect Muslims alot (Corbin, 2017).Itis obvious from the behavior of the voter that Trump follower’s attitudes on theviews like sexism, authoritarianism and Islamophobia differs from that of Clinton,influence of Islamophobia is strong in Trump’s followers (Blair, 2016). Trump’sMuslims hate during the atmosphere of terror incidents make the environmenteven more intense which influence his presidential campaign (Beydoun, 2017).Brooks,R. A, claims that Muslim inhabitants or citizens of the US symbolise to agenuine and developing terror threat to American society, especially in theirassumed readiness or capacity to execute dangerous assaults in the US. It doesn’tseem that Muslim Americans are progressively influenced or proficient of involvingterror assaults against their inhabitants (Brooks, 2011).Thisstudy revealed that of media coverage of such terror incidents are based on theconcept of depicting Islam as a culture and religion of violence and fear,while US is a great Christian country. Coverage of terrorism highlightscontrast in religion, demonizing Muslims and civilising Christians. Fatalitiesof terror were characterized as innocent, imploring, Christian, andotherworldly in a few ways, being slaughtered, harmed or frightened by wickedMuslim terrorist. In the US Media coverage assist in creating a sense oftriviality of domestic terrorism and highlights devout contrasts that contributeto a ‘‘holy war,’’ while upgrading a culture of fear of Muslims and Islam (Powell,2011).Long-termand short-term revelation to media labelling of Muslims as terrorists increasesrecognitions of Muslims as destructive, which in turn increments bolsterfor policies that hurt Muslims locally and globally (Saleem, Prot, Anderson,Lemieux, 2017).Theoccasions of 9/11 constrained the media’s hand to cover the Muslimand Arab minorities more regularly. This moreover caused the press to show newsconsumers with a more inclusive picture of these groups. One consequence wasthat the news media allowed Muslim-Americans more access after 9/11, and individuals ofthis minority made themselves accessible to the media (Nacos &Torres-Reyna, 2003).Theaugment of Islamophobia in the West has raised concerns among analysts andpolicymakers. While the standard media and a few political leaders relate Islamwith savagery, the reports by noticeable organizations focus upon a commonloathe of Muslims. An initial look at the clear figures uncovered that Westerncitizens hold different approaches of Islamophobic outlooks and these views froma general feeling around Muslims to the discernment of Muslims as compassionateof terrorist organizations (Ciftci, 2012).Being a victim of such formsof biasness on ordinary basis can prompt character issues. The effort ofcombining and absorbing two diverse societies can regularly feel like an amusement of tug of war for Muslim Americans Youth (Al-Hamdani).Dueto Trump’s hate towards Muslims general public of America believes trump is asolution to the “Muslim problem” in the west. But in reality since his electioncampaign and after the presidency situation stared to get worse as he has no understandingof basic human rights or the respect for the different religions and the people(Greene, 2016). Theterms such as “terrorist” and “guerilla” which were endorsed by American Mediaafter 9/11 as public relies on Media for information so this framing influencedthe public opinion (Eid, & Karim 2011). US need to realise that real enemyis not Islam nor the Muslims in US it’s their ignorance (Bennett, 2016).Islamophobia or hatred towards Muslims is not going to make America great again(Carlson, 2016).Hypothesis President Trump’s entire political careerand his success in 2017 elections was based on Islamophobia. Muslims in America are more vulnerable tobigotry and Islamophobia as a result of Donald Trump’s behaviour and actions. Trump call for Shutting Down MosquesInthe wake of Paris terrorist attacks Donald Trump called for shutting down the Mosques.“Trump Doubles Down On Closing Mosques: ‘We’re Gonna Have No Choice’ (VIDEO).” Thusresulting in increased in directly attacks on mosques. This surged once againin December, 2015 which resultantly increased the number of attacks on mosquesand Islamic schools dramatically as compare to the beginning of presidentialcampaign. In most cases the suspects were public supporters of presidential candidateDonald Trump. This political rhetoric created fertile ground for hatred and fearagainst Muslims in US. These attacks on mosques and Islamic institutes sends astrong message all over the world that Muslims are not welcome and not safe inthe American society (Abdelkader).Trump Supporters are more likely to be IslamophobicInrelapses to anticipate voting for Clinton or Trump, attitude measures were the strongest,noteworthy indicators of voting eagerly. The design would lead one to anticipatesocial dominance introduction to altogether foresee voting for Trump, but dueto the overpowering quality of Islamophobia in anticipating votes for Trump,social dominance introduction did not come out as a critical indicator ofvoting for Trump vs. all others. People were more than 3 times more likely tovote for Trump for 2/4 each step they expanded on the Islamophobia scale and2.6 times more likely to be undecided or voting for a third party candidate foreach step that they diminished on the Islamophobia scale (Blair, 2016). All Terrorists Are MuslimsThisbiased media depiction implies that Muslims are more inclined towards violenceand hatred thus making them a threat to US and other western societies. Hence,it is important to part the general perceptions about Muslims from morespecific approaches linking Muslims to aggression and terrorism (Ciftci). Associationof Islam with terrorism seems to be accepted as part of the communication onsecurity and terrorism, so much that the words “Muslim” and “terrorist” havebecome almost identical (Eid & Karim, 2011). This description of allMuslims as one psychological ‘species’, horribly chronological as it is, can atthat point be utilized regularly interface Muslim outrage withall the ills of Islam, repeating the same xenophobia this time inpseudo-psychological discussion (Humphrys, 2012). Mass media links Islam andMuslims, with terrorism, depicting the religion and the group most normally as irrational,fundamentalist, and/or inclined to receptive aggression (Jackson). Why this was happening and what was theorigin? Trump may not be the reason for making situation worse for Muslims inUS but he didn’t help either (Bennett, 2016).Trump’s racist electioncampaign Theracist factor during Trump’s election campaign help his throughout his entirepolitical career. It is really ironic that in the most developed country likeUS a person like Trump can win with majority, most of the researchers believesthat Trump won the elections due to his racism and Islamophobic stance and itwas due to his attitude that caused the uprising and protest in throughout USeven when his votes were being counted (O’Farrell, 2017). What makes this evenmore threatening is that Trump is very bold, open and vocal about his feelingabout anything (Carlson, 2016).No White People Are TerroristsIntoday’s mass societies individuals are indeed more reliant on the news sincethey have “nowhere else to turn for information about general affairs and for guidelineson how to perceive and decipher that information” (Neuman, Russell, Just & Crigler1996). AMuslim accountable for aggression that expresses adoration for previous massshooters and writes “[t]hose that allow their God to be mocked have no God”would instantly be branded a terrorist. A white Christian accountable foraggression that expresses adoration for the Charleston attacker and who composethat exceptional sentence, however, is not (Corbin).The Washington Post portrays assault against Western European targets(2015-2016), and assault against Muslim majority communities, differently. Incovering assaults on France and Belgium, The Post utilized “terrorism frames”to formulate coverage while constantly humanizing victims and drawing associationsbetween European societies and the Western world more usually. Assaults againstTurkey and Nigeria were covered less significantly and were mainly portrayed asdomestic clash (el-Nawawy & Elmasry).  Accordingly, journalists, editors andproducers in the news media make decisions persistently about who, how and whatto display in the news; such choices are affected by their organizations’standard working methods (Nacos &Torres-Reyna, 2003).  Major networks in US rarely aired helpful contentfor Muslims neither externally nor internally.  Important issues thatconsider on the news about Muslims involve residential security, worldwide clashes,and terrorism (Al-Hamdani, Y, 2016).The Islamophobic Trump’s AdministrationTrump’shate and bigotry which laid foundation to his political career has now reachedWhite House. His team includes some Islamophobics like Steve Bannon, Michael Flynn,and Sebastian Gorka. Trump support and inclination towards Muslims hasencouraged hateful elements to act freely against Muslims (Patel &Levinson-Waldman, 2017). Subjugation of Muslim WomenInthe evolution of chronological Islamophobia to gendered Islamophobia, JulianeHammer outlined the complications of Islamophobia focussed towards Muslim womenin America. She makes the case that gender, as a social develop, is depicted asMuslim men being brutal terrorists and Muslim women being dominated by Muslimmen; thus the need for Muslim women to be liberate from their religion and civilization(Ernst, 2013). Instead of the fact that social tradition shifts broadly, numerousnon-Muslims have tended to view the role of women as permanent and homogenous,and western societies deliver a set of presumptions and depictions about theIslamic custom of covering for ladies which build it as a representation ofbackwardness, spiritual fundamentalism, male domination, and terrorism (Watt, 2012).Discrimination among White Terrorists & Muslim TerroristsReportingof terrorist incidents shows a design of media coverage of terrorism in whichfear of global terrorism is central, mainly as Muslims=Arabs=Islam functioning mutuallyin structured terrorist cells in opposition to ‘‘Christian America,’’ whereas householdterrorism is radiate as a slight danger that occurs in confined occurrences by disturbedpeople (Powell). As Glenn Greenwald wrote in Salon (2011): What it says is whatwe’ve seen over an over: that Terrorism has no purposeful meaning and, in anycase in American political conversations, has come partially to mean: aggressioncommitted by Muslims whom the West loathes, no matter the reason or the objective.Undoubtedly, in many media circles, argument of the Oslo assault rapidlymorphed from this is Terrorism (when it was accepted Muslims did it) to no,this isn’t Terrorism, just extremism (once it got to be likely that Muslimsdidn’t).  The Politics of IslamophobiaThese political views of Trump were shared byprecedence Presidents and pioneers as well (Beydoun, 2017). Western citizens seeMuslims as obsessive, aggressive and supportive of terrorism because they believethem to be hostile to their physical well-being and social values. This feelingis used by media and right-wing leaders to nourish the xenophobia of anew variety (Ciftci, 2012). The media also reportedthat pioneers like President Bush and New York’s Mayor Rudi Giuliani adviceAmericans not to express their rage toward cultural and devoutminorities. It appears that these reports did not obliterate the public’s questionsregarding Muslim- and Arab-Americans’ patriotism (Nacos,& Torres-Reyna, 2003).Ban on MuslimsOnMarch 6, 2017, Trump issued an executive order that hits Muslims. This ban hasa variety of negative outcomes and more far reaching consequences. It reinforcesthe idea of Islamophobia in the country, thus the US administration is responsiblefor promoting hate against Muslims not only in the US but the whole world. Thefirst executive order, January 2017 faced protests by disheartened Americansacross the US. Trump administration’s unjust ban on Muslims community helpedMuslims American in gaining sympathetic support among America’s mainstream. (Jamal,2017).ConclusionLackof interest and knowledge regarding Muslims, their culture, norms and valuesleads to a manipulative Islamophobia. Muslims must be sentient that in the viewof Non –Muslims they represent themselves collectively not individually. Mediashould play a vital role in negating such anti-Muslim propagandas. Balancednews reporting of Muslims, in the US as well as internationally, can decreasethe perception that Muslims are supporting terrorism or extremist activities.The Muslim community is diverse in US in many aspects of race, class or creedso associating an individual, as a Muslim on the basis of their appearance isnot usually accurate. When society assumes that all Muslims practices samereligious practices and convictions, they are making the judgment thatfundamentally all the Muslim community is same there no distinction between theindividuals of that bunches and all of them are inalienably homogeneous.Whyprecisely is this fear and hate occurring in spite of the fact that and whereis it coming from? Trump isn’t the reason Americans are undermining Muslims andmosques in specific all through the US, but he isn’t making a differenceeither. After each incident that happens including a terror assault, hatecrimes emerge. An article by Corky Siemaszko from NBC found that after theParis assaults, 38 anti-Muslim assaults happened in the blink of an eye fromthere on. 18 of those assaults happened straightforwardly after the December2nd butcher in San Bernardino as well. Politically incorrect statements likethis are fueling the fire of the fear and hatred the American people arefeeling.Thegeneralizations that are circulated in the media may not have hurtful expectation,but they are maligning Muslims picture in the western society and may lead toclandestine and obvious separation on interpersonal levels. Representations inUS media of Islam and Muslims barely scratch the surface when it comes to thediffering qualities of the community, around the world: in Middle East, in UN,and in other Western and Eastern nations. Thematic, logical, and criticallessons in media education must complement the formal educational programsalmost Islam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what iseventually depicted as ordinary to think almost Muslims in the mass media. Itwill suffice to say that Donald Trump due to his hatred towards Muslims hasmade the situation in the USA for Muslims worst after terrorism attacks inCalifornia and San Bernardino. He manipulates and takes advantage from theseattack which are committed by Muslim to provoke anti Muslims elements and gaintheir favour like he did during his elections campaign by announcing a ban on Muslimfrom entering US. Due to which the anti-Muslims elements side with and castvote for him, his Islamophobic actions contribute to his political career andsuccess making the life of Muslims in US worse and worse day by day. ReferencesAl-Hamdani, Y. (2016). Islamophobia andthe young Muslim American experience (Doctoral dissertation, Middle TennesseeState University).Abdelkader, E. (2016). When Islamophobiaturns violent: the 2016 US presidential elections.Brooks, R. A. (2011). Muslim “homegrown”terrorism in the United States: how serious is the threat?. InternationalSecurity, 36(2), 7-47.Blair, K. L. (2016). A ‘basket ofdeplorables’? A new study finds that Trump supporters are more likely to beIslamophobic, racist, transphobic and homophobic. USApp–American Politics andPolicy Blog.Beydoun, K. A. (2017). Muslim Bans and the(Re) Making of Political Islamophobia. U. Ill. L. Rev., 1733.Bennett, S. (2016). Republican Party Jumpson Board for Islamophobia.Ciftci, S. (2012). Islamophobia and threatperceptions: Explaining anti-Muslim sentiment in the West. Journal of MuslimMinority Affairs, 32(3), 293-309.Carlson, G. A. (2016). I’m Not Racist, ILove Those People: How Trump’s Language Reveals His Bigotry.Corbin, C. M. (2017).‘Terrorists are Always Muslim But Never White’: At the Intersection of CriticalRace Theory and Propaganda.Eid, M., & Karim, K. H. (2011). Tenyears after 9/11—What have we learned?. Global Media Journal—Canadian Edition,4(2), 1-12.el-Nawawy, M., &Elmasry, M. H. (2017).Valuing Victims: A Comparative Framing Analysis of The Washington Post’sCoverage of Violent Attacks Against Muslims and Non-Muslims. InternationalJournal of Communication, 11, 20.Greenwald, G. (2011). The Omnipotence ofAl Qaeda and Meaninglessness of ‘Terrorism.’. Salon, July, 23.Greene, R. L. (2016). Islamophobia“Trumps” Reason.Humphrys, E. (2012). Your ‘Terrorists’,Our ‘Lone Wolves’: Utøya in the shadow of 9/11. Journal of InternationalRelations Research, 72.Jackson, L. (2010). Images of Islam in USmedia and their educational implications.Jamal, A. A. (2017). Trump (ing) on MuslimWomen: The Gendered Side of Islamophobia. Journal of Middle East Women’sStudies, 13(3), 472-475.Kaplan, J. (2006). Islamophobia inAmerica?: September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime 1. Terrorism and PoliticalViolence, 18(1), 1-33.Nacos, B. L., &Torres-Reyna, O. (2003). Framing Muslim-Americans before and after 9/11. Framingterrorism: The news media, the government, and the public, 133-158.Nurullah, A. S. (2010). Portrayal ofMuslims in the media:“24” and the ‘Othering’process. International Journal ofHuman Sciences, 7(1), 1020-1046.Nuruzzaman, M. (2017). President Trump’sIslamophobia and the Muslims: A Case Study in Crisis Communication.International Journal of Crisis Communication, 1(1), 16-20.Neuman,Russell W.,Marion R. Just and AnnN. Crigler. 1996. Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of PoliticalMeaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Mutum, D. M. (2016). Leading Trump: Whythe United States Shouldn’t Accept the Hand that has been Dealt.O’Farrell, D. (2017). Trump’s first 5months-this isn’t normal… Irish Marxist Review, 6(18), 55-64.Powell, K. A. (2011). Framing Islam: Ananalysis of US media coverage of terrorism since 9/11. Communication Studies,62(1), 90-112.Puspitasari, D. G. ISLAMOPHOBIA PORTRAYEDIN DONALD TRUMP’S PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES. SENABASTRA| 8, 57.Patel,F., & Levinson-Waldman, R. (2017). The Islamophobic Administration. BrennanCenter for Justice.  Saleem, M., Prot, S., Anderson, C. A.,& Lemieux, A. F. (2017). Exposure to Muslims in media and support forpublic policies harming Muslims. Communication Research, 44(6), 841-869.Saladin, C. S. (2016). What do DonaldTrump and John Quincy Adams have in Common? Islamophobia.Shryock, A. J. (2013). Attack of theIslamophobes. In Islamophobia in America (pp. 145-174). Palgrave Macmillan US.Watt, D. (2012). The urgency of visualmedia literacy in our post-9/11 world: Reading images of Muslim women in theprint news media. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 4(1), 4.Get Help With Your EssayIf you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Find out more