Suggested Outline for Essay II
[1] Carefully explain Singer’s argument for the claim that we have a duty to contribute to famine relief. Critically evaluate his argument in light of the objections raised by Kant, Hardin and Wolf. Do you think any of these objections undermine Singer’s argument?

Part I: Introduction

Topic Sentence + Introduce the Philosophers and their Positions + Thesis Statement

Thesis: Do you think any of the objections undermine Singer’s argument?

Part II: Singer’s Argument

You may quote the argument from my lecture notes.

[1] If we can prevent something very bad from happening without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance, we ought to do it. (premise)

[2] Absolute poverty (not having enough money to purchase the basic necessities of life—clean water, food. Immunizations for children) is very bad. (premise)

[3] We, the absolute wealthy, are in a position to prevent absolute poverty without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance—after all, Singer says he’s not asking you to give up your last bowl of rice. (A person is absolutely wealthy just in case that individual has enough money to purchase the basic necessities of life and has a surplus left over—that’s just about all of us.) (premise)

[4] Therefore, we ought to contribute to famine relief. (conclusion)

Draw Quotes from Singer’s article that reflects each premise and the conclusion.

Part III: Hardin’s Objection

Hardin is rejecting premise [3]—that by contributing to famine relief we do sacrifice something of comparable moral significance. Overpopulation is a major threat to planet Earth. Singer responds to this objection by saying that if you think overpopulation is the problem, then donate condoms, not food.

Add analysis: Do you think Hardin’s objection undermines Singer’s argument or do you think Singer’s reply shows Hardin’s objection is flawed.

Part IV: Kant’s Objection

Kant targets Premise [1] of Singer’s argument—our duty is done if we refrain from using others merely as a means to an end. I only have a duty to help if I am the direct cause of their plight—e.g., Kant puts great weight on the difference between reparations and charity. Singer argues that there is no such distinction.

Analysis: Whose concept of duty do you find more convincing?

Part V: Wolf’s Objection

Do you think Singer’s view on our duties to others requires that we serve as moral saints?

Part VI: Conclusion

[2] Carefully explain Singer’s argument in support of animal rights. Critically evaluate his argument in light of the objections raised by Steinbock and Cohen. Do you think either of these objections undermines Singer’s argument?

Part I: Introduction

Topic Sentence + Introduce the Philosophers and their Positions + Thesis Statement

Thesis: Do you think any of the objections undermine Singer’s argument?

Part II: Singer’s Argument

You may quote the argument from my lecture notes.

[1] Speciesism is failing to consider the interests of nonhuman animals, or deeming the interests of nonhuman animals as less significant than the interests of human beings. (premise)

[2] If a being can feel pain (and pleasure), its interests must be considered. (premise)

[3] Nonhuman animals can feel pain (and pleasure), therefore we must consider their interests. (from 1 & 2)

[4] To say that the interests of nonhuman animals merit consideration, but not equal consideration, is a prime example of speciesism. (premise)

[5] Like racism and sexism, speciesism is morally wrong. (premise)

[6] Therefore, morality requires that we consider the interests of animals on par with the interests of human beings. (from 3, 4 and 5)

Part III: Kant’s Objection

Kant’s objection targets premise [2]. Analysis: Do you think Kant’s objection undermines Singer’s Argument? (If you support Singer’s argument, you need a principled reason for rejecting Kant’s objection.)

Part IV: Steinbock’s Objection

Steinbock targets premise [5]. Analysis: Do you think Steinbocks’ objection undermines Singer’s argument. (If you support Singer’s argument, you need a principled reason for rejecting Steinbock’s objection.)

Part V: Cohen’s Objection

Singer’s argument can be extended to cover animal research. His argument is that if we wouldn’t do it to a newborn child, we shouldn’t do it to an animal. Cohen thinks Singer has the utilitarian calculus wrong. Yes, we do need to consider the suffering of animals, but the benefits of animal research outweigh the pain and suffering of the animals.

Cohen also takes the Kantian line that rights apply only to human beings. Analysis: Do you think Cohen’s objections undermine Singer’s argument? (If you support Singer’s argument, you need a principled reason for rejecting Cohen’s objections.)

VII: Conclusion

[3] Carefully explain the arguments advanced by arguments presented by Noonan, Thomson and Warren. Noonan argues abortion is permissible only when necessary to save the life of the mother. Thomson argues that abortion is permissible to save the life of the mother, in the case of rape and if reasonable precautions (birth control) was used. Under what conditions do you think abortion is morally permissible?

Part I: Introduction

Topic Sentence + Introduce the Philosophers and their Positions + Thesis Statement

Thesis: Your thesis is typically who you think is right and why. If your position does not align with any of these views, your thesis is that none of the philosophers present convincing arguments. You need to state the circumstances under which you think abortion is permissible.

For example, if you think abortion is permissible in the case of rape and if the mother’s life is in danger, then you agree with Thomson’s violinist examples but find her person seeds example unconvincing—we need fresh air to live, we do not need sex to live.

On the other hand, if you think abortion should be permissible for any reason up to the point of viability, you disagree with all the philosophers. Your thesis is that Warren’s position goes too far, since she is fine with a woman aborting a healthy fetus the day before she is scheduled to have a C-Section.

II. Noonan’s Argument

You may quote the argument from my lecture notes.

[1] Every person has a right to life.

[2] The fetus is a person.

[3] So, the fetus has a right to life.

[4] Granted, the mother has a right to say what happens to her body. But when dealing with matters of life and death, one’s right to say what happens to one’s body is of little consequence—the fetus’s right to life outweighs the mother’s right to say what happens to her body, provided, perhaps, that the mother’s life is not in danger.

[5] Therefore, the fetus may not be killed.

[6] So, abortion is morally wrong.

III. Thomson’s Arguments

Thomson’s arguments target premise [1] of Noonan’s argument. She thinks it is not enough for the conservative to show the fetus is a person. The conservative must show that abortion is the unjustified killing of an innocent person. It’s not that every person has a right to life; Thomson argues that we have a right not to be killed unjustly. She then uses the violinist examples and the person seeds example to show abortion is justified in these cases.

Violinist (Rape)

Modified Violinist (Mother’s life)

Person Seeds (Birth Control)

Dedicate a separate paragraph for each argument. By including section headers in your essay you can maintain organization and still have more than one paragraph.

IV. Warren’s Argument

Warren targets premise [2] of Noonan’s argument, the claim that the fetus is a person.

Also discuss Warren’s criticism of Thomson.

Discuss the infanticide objection.

V. Conclusion

[4] Consider Case Study Three “Cloning to Bring Back a Dead Child.” Katherine Gordon of Great Falls, Mont., lost a 17-year-old daughter, Emily, to a drunk driver. After hearing about Dolly, the cloned sheep, Katherine had her daughter’s cells frozen and stored for future cloning. Suppose, further, that the technology has become sufficiently advanced that scientists can now safely clone a human being. Katherine realizes that she would not be bringing back her dead daughter. The clone would in fact be Emily’s delayed twin. Is it morally permissible for parents like Katherine Gordon to clone a deceased child? Answer within the context of the assigned readings. If you agree with Kass, advance principled reasons for thinking Brock is wrong. If you agree with Brock, advance principled reasons for thinking Kass is wrong.

Part I: Introduction

Topic Sentence + Introduce the Philosophers and their Positions + Thesis Statement

Thesis: Your thesis for this essay should indicate whether you side with Kass or Brock, and why you hold this position.

Pay attention to the question: Do you think cloning would be morally permissible once the technology has advanced to the point where it is safe and effective.

Part II: The Argument from Risk of Genetic Deformity

Explain Kass’s Argument. Parfit is one of the few philosophers who disagrees with this argument. If you want to reference Parfit, here’s the link. I actually think next term I will have students read this article.

https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil308/Parfit1.pdf

Part III: The Argument from Psychological Harm

Explain Kass’s argument. Explain Brock’s objection. Analysis: Do you think Brock’s objections undermine this argument?

Part IV: The Argument from the Perversion of the Parent-Child Relationship

Explain Kass’s argument. Explain Brock’s objection. Analysis: Do you think Brock’s objections undermine this argument?

Part V: The Argument from Commodification

Explain Kass’s argument. Explain Brock’s objection. Analysis: Do you think Brock’s objections undermine this argument?

Part VI: Brock’s Arguments in Support of Human Reproductive Cloning.

Included a different paragraph for each of the following arguments.

The Argument from Procreative Liberty

Human Cloning may be the Only Way Some Couples Can Reproduce

Human Cloning may Permit Individuals with Known Genetic Risk to Reproduce without Harm to their Offspring

Therapeutic Benefits of Human Cloning

VII: Analysis

Do you think the pros of of human reproductive cloning outweigh Kass’s second, third or fourth arguments? Note that one person in the class found cloning problematic, but not for the reasons advanced by Kass. Here you would need to advance your own argument for opposing cloning.

VIII: Conclusion

[5] Carefully explain Pojman’s arguments in support for retributivism. Reiman objects that from the fact that one deserves to die it does not follow that the state is justified in killing that individual. Carefully explain both the Best Bet Argument (BBA) and the Common Sense Argument (CSA). Pojman notes that BBA depends on CSA. Reiman and Bedau seek to undermine CSA, and thereby undermine BBA. Critically evaluate Pojman’s arguments in support of capital punishment in light of the objections raised by Reiman and Bedau. Do you think capital punishment is justified? Defend your answer.

Part I: Introduction

Topic Sentence + Introduce the Philosophers and their Positions + Thesis Statement

Thesis: Your thesis for this essay should indicate whether you side with Kass or Brock, and why you hold this position.

Part II: Pojman’s Retributivism

P1: Explain Pojman’s retributivist position.

P2: Explain Reiman’s objection.

Part III: Pojman’s Deterrence Theory

P1: Explain BBA

P2: Explain CSA

Part IV: Reiman’s Objections to the CSA

P1: Reiman’s Objection to premise [1] of (the Law of Diminishing Utility)

P2: Pojman’s Reply to this objection (lighthouse example)

P3: Reiman’s Objection to premise [2] of CSA (Criminals don’t plan on getting caught)

P4: Pojman’s Reply to this objection

Part V: Bedau’s Objection to CSA

P1: Bedau’s Objection to premise [3] of CSA (the death penalty is inhumane)

P2: Pojman’s reply to this objection

Part VI: Analysis

Do you think any of the objections raised by Reiman or Bedau undermine Pojman’s arguments in support of capital punishment?

Conclusion